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RAADFest 2024 Report

RAADFest 2024 recently finished in Anaheim, CA. It was an exciting anti-aging conference with many astounding announcements. Instead of the usual, eat, sleep, exercise, and see your doctor longevity advice that most health-conscious people know, RAADFest’s subject matter is more targeted to people who want to live forever. That’s not a metaphor or poetic license. People at RAADFest are willing to try almost anything to live forever, and many of them have substantial budgets to fund this highly optimistic research endeavor. This article will focus on the highlights and what speakers announced at RAADFest.

Interlukin-11 Inhibition

Interlukin-11 (IL11) inhibition is a hot topic. Bill Faloon, the founder of Life Extension, talked about the potential of this pathway in his talk. IL11 is highly involved in inflammatory reactions and fibrotic growth in the body. A recent study announced that mice that have knocked out IL11 had a 25% longer median lifespan than controls. IL11 inhibition is also considered a possible anti-cancer therapy. The fact that the experiment knocked out IL-11 in the longer-lived mice is interesting to me because it means that there don’t appear to be any negatives in suppressing it, making it possible that small molecule drugs could potentially suppress it without serious side effects. The RAADFest presentation discussed these studies using IL11-specific antibodies to suppress IL11. No IL11 antibodies are currently approved. Currently, the IL11 inhibitor drugs in phase 1 FDA trials are 9MW3811, LASN01, and BI765423. Here’s a recent X thread on IL-11 and its possibilities.

The Possible Rejuvenation Potential of Anti-Cancer Drugs

Elizabeth Parrish of Bioviva and James R Williams of the Williams Cancer Center took the stage and proposed that anti-cancer drugs rejuvenate patients. They showed examples of spinal disc regeneration after cancer treatments. The presenters did not elaborate in exhaustive detail on what drugs they used. Mrs. Parrish speculated that gene therapy won’t be for longevity because these small molecule cancer drugs would probably handle that, and instead, we’d use gene therapy solely for human enhancement. Cytokines associated with aging and cancer are IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, and TGF-B. Inhibiting IL-1 is more antiaging than young plasma transfusions. In the future, everyone can be in their 20s if you treat them early and keep their immune system alert the presenters surmised.

Young Plasma

Continuing a thread from earlier RAADFests, the recent flurry of medical research into the potential of young plasma transfusions to extend life was discussed. These transfusions are rich in exosomes which seem to be a major emerging factor in epiginetically reprogramming cells to act younger. Interestingly enough, median lifespan was increased, but maximum lifespan was not with young plasma transfusions.

OSK/Yamanaka Factors

Yamanaka factors have been known to revert cells to pluripotency. Bill Faloon talked about how the 4 Yamanaka factors could be reduced to 3 for better effects: OCT4,SOX2,KLF4. These would be delivered by a viral vector.

The results are impressive with 100% increase in median remaining lifespan for middle aged mice. The next steps are primate research and testing by brave self experimenters. The full presentation of Mr. Faloon is available at http://age-reversal.net.

Other Interesting Developments

  • Dr. Sheldon Jordan claims that focused ultrasound directed at the brain can more efficiently deliver exosomes to the hypothalamus. This treatment can have broad-spectrum anti-aging effects since researchers proposed that the hypothalamus contains the master epigenetic clock.
  • Dr Vince C. Giampapa, MD, talked about gene therapies for anti-aging among various modalities. These gene therapies currently include: HTERT – Immunosenescence RX, KLOTHO – Enhanced Cognition RX, FOLLISTATIN – Scaropenia RX, GDF-11 Vascular Regrowth, PGC1-ALPHA – Increased Mitochondrial Biogenesis, PARP – DNA REPAIR.
  • Aubrey De Gray talked about his research into multiple interventions to slow aging. Rapamycin generally had the most benefit of all the factors tested, especially for women.
  • Greg Fahy talked about the TRIM protocol: HgH, DHEA, and Metformin. HGH does most of the work, but DHEA and Metformin also help rejuvenate the thymus.
  • Dr. Kenneth Schwartz talked about C60 and its SOD/Catalase mimetic properties, making it an anti-oxidant of note.

Some Ideas for Human Cognitive Enhancement via Genetic Modification

Genetic modification has been all the rage in mice for some time. There are plenty of studies with mice with specific genes knocked out, genes edited to exhibit various phenotypes and genes augmented to enhance existing activity. The advent of CRISPR technology and lentiviral and adeno-associated viral vectors has created the prospect of being able to modify DNA of adult mammals including humans. The first daring self-experiments with this technology have already begun. Elizabeth Parrish, CEO of Bioviva, recently modified her DNA to increase her lifespan by increasing telomere length. She also raised her body’s levels of muscle tissue by inhibiting myostatin. These changes were at the genetic level and thus presumably permanent. Since her experiment over one year ago, she’s been doing well, and lab tests suggest that the changes have taken effect.

Given that we are now entering the age of genetic modification, the prospect for intrepid self-experimenters to explore this field is beginning and not just with the modifications pioneered by Bioviva. It would be fun to give ourselves glow in the dark hair via the addition of bioluminescent jellyfish genes to our hair follicle producing DNA. These bioluminescent jellyfish genes have already been used in several glow-in-the-dark rabbit projects and by the inventor of the ODIN DIY CRISPR kit who made glow-in-the-dark beer. However, the more sci-fi minded of us might be keen to gain inspiration from mouse studies that have augmented intelligence.

In the 1999 study “Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice” published in Nature, Joe Z Tsien and colleagues were able to create transgenic mice that overexpressed the NR2B gene. This gene codes for the NMDA receptor 2b which is a receptor involved in early-form long-term potentiation (E-LTP). This receptor complex is also present in humans. E-LTP is critical in generating memories that last up to 3 hours. The NMDA receptor acts as a coincidence detector that signals the cell to strengthen its electrical connections to other cells to form memories via AMPA receptor recruitment to the synaptic cleft. The mice who had this transgenic modification were able to learn spatial memory tasks at double the speed of control mice. The mice with the mutation also had normal growth, body weight, and mated normally. They had no evidence of seizures or convulsions. This lack of seizures is a significant finding because excitotoxicity via overstimulation of NMDA receptors by glutamate can often cause seizures. In the novel object recognition test, which is a test of memory for a previously seen object, the best performance in transgenic mice was seen 1 to 3 days after the test but returned to baseline after seven days.

We know that memories that last up to a lifetime encode themselves via late long-term potentiation (L-LTP) which is a process downstream of and that depends on E-LTP. While E-LTP is dependent on NMDA receptor activation and subsequent AMPA receptor recruitment, L-LTP is dependent on CREB activation and subsequent transcriptional activation of genes in the nucleus of the cell.  There have been several noteworthy findings with regards to enhancing L-LTP by creating transgenic mice with their PDE4 genes silenced. PDE4 is a well studied target for cognition enhancement. It’s such an active area of research that pre-made CRISPR kits are available to knock out PDE4B genes in mice. An experiment in 2011, “Phosphodiesterase-4D knock-out and RNA interference-mediated knock-down enhance memory and increase hippocampal neurogenesis via increased cAMP signaling“, tested the function of mice who had their PDE4D genes knocked out. This caused their levels of CREB to remain elevated after stimulation, thus prolonging and increasing CREB activation and subsequent L-LTP related gene transcription. The knockdown of PDE4D genes produced a highly significant increase in memory similar to that obtained by Rolipram, a standard PDE4 inhibitor used in rodents.

Doing a Elizabeth Parrish type experiment to increase cognitive capabilities would require a very brave self-experimenter indeed. I wouldn’t really consider doing this one myself until several had done it already or there was some well tested way to easily reverse the procedure if things didn’t go well. Still, as our understanding of CRISPR technology and genetic modification in general improves, I’m sure that we’ll eventually get to a point where these kinds of modifications and their risks will become so well understood enough that some courageous individual will volunteer to be the first person to test these or other potentially cognitive enhancing genetic modifications.

 

 

 

The Most Time Efficient HIIT Cardio Treadmill Workout: 19 Minutes 3 Times A Week

The Goal: A Time Efficient Workout of Adequate Intensity

I recently decided I wanted to start a cardio program to get better at running. There is unfortunately a mountain of advice on how to structure a cardio program. Should I run? Do burpees? Swim? Join an endurance race? Run at low speed for 40 minutes every day? Join a soccer team?

I am not a fan of spending a lot of time doing cardio. It just isn’t that interesting to me. Sure, I can make it less annoying with audio books or podcasts, but in the end I just don’t like it. So how can I get the most out of a cardio workout without spending a significant amount of time doing it?

I looked into the 7-minute workout, and did it for a while, but the problem is is that it is not really well tailored to one’s fitness level. I’d like something that I can precisely measure out the dose of exercise I’m getting and tailor it to my current physical condition.

Instead, I decided to look through the research literature to find the most time efficient treadmill workout. I want to use a treadmill because I already have one and running is something I can do anywhere without equipment. I also wanted a workout that was tied to heart rate. That way, it wouldn’t be too hard or too easy, but would match my current condition.

The Norway Studies

A recent study from Norway shows that improvement in cardiovascular function can occur in only 19 minutes 3 times a week.

The protocol is as follows:

10 minutes at 70% Maximum Heart Rate
4 Minutes at 90% Maximum Heart Rate
5 Minutes Cool Down

Performed 3 times a week. According to the study, the maximum heart rate was the peak value achieved during the exercise period, so I view it as an upper limit. One can calculate maximum heart rate using many free heart rate calculators online. The researchers also tested another workout that consisted of a longer training period of 40 minutes of HIIT training interspersed with 3 minutes breaks.

The results after 10 weeks showed that VO2 max, the measure of the maximum amount of volume of oxygen an athlete can use, increased by 10% in the 19 minute group and 13% in the 40 minute group. Stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected by the heart’s left ventricle in one contraction, increased by 14% and 15% respectively. Work economy, defined as the oxygen cost of a 5-min walk at a 4 km/h on a leveled treadmill, improved by 14% and 13% respectively.

The 40 minute workout was more effective at reducing blood cholesterol and body fat (3.2% v 5.2%).

In doing this workout it’s important to precisely measure one’s heart rate. I use a chest strap heart rate monitor. Two models that work well for me are:

JARV – Works with Smart Phones and Low Energy Bluetooth Compatible Treadmills

POLAR-H1 – Works with Life Fitness Treadmills

The best app I’ve found for keeping track of heart rate, if one doesn’t have a treadmill that can talk to the heart rate sensor is iCardio.

My Latest Quantified Self Project

Feel free to use this image, just link to www.SeniorLiving.Org This microstock required lots of post processing to get the blue tint. I also needed a bounce card to get more detail in the glasses.

I think I am in Quantified Self heaven now. I’ve got HabitBull (Misc Habits and Scores on Brain and Braverman Tests), FitBit (Activity + Weight + Food + Sleep tracking) , Timesheet (Work Project Time Tracking), Rescue Time (Computer Use Time Tracking), Fit Notes (Weight Training Tracking) all hooked into advanced machine learning analysis via a bunch of python scripts utilizing numpy and sklearn.

I can ask “what kinds of things that I did/ate/took/spent time doing yesterday are highly correlated with me losing weight and/or body fat?” and get a linear regression on that and a p-value. Currently, the most highly correlated with losing weight right now is calories eaten the previous day, but there are other significantly correlated stats (p-value < 0.05) that are more interesting. For example, the more time I spend doing sedentary activity, like software development, the less weight I lose.

I can find out which supplements influenced various brain test scores on the same day. I can blind myself with randomly numbered containers and then go back in and fill in what supplements I took retroactively.  I can try all kinds of totally random things and see what they do and it’s all automatically tracked and analyzed.

My analysis takes conditional independence as assumed as do all naive bayes techniques. It also takes linearity as an assumption too, which is a weakness. To get around that, I could build a neural net and then use a genetic algorithm against it to generate ideas for non-conditionally independent relationships among things I’m doing.

More on this in the near future…

Image Credit

Adiponectin – A Very Interesting Weight Loss / Diabetes / Metabolic Syndrome target

Adiponectin is a hormone that is secreted by fat cells. It is different than most other hormones in that the production of the hormone falls as the number of fat cells increases. Levels of the hormone are inversely correlated with body fat percentage. So, the higher the adiponectin levels, the lower the body fat percentage.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12611609

Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity by increasing tissue fat oxidation, resulting in reduced circulating fatty acid levels and reduced intracellular triglyceride contents in liver and muscle. This protein also suppresses the expression of adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells and cytokine production from macrophages, thus inhibiting the inflammatory processes that occur during the early phases of atherosclerosis.

Wow! That’s a pretty cool hormone for weight loss. Yes, people are working on synthetic small molecule agonists for it. There will likely be a huge market for it as the side effects seem tolerable, especially since it extends life span in mice that are genetically predisposed to be obese.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24172895

Moreover, AdipoRon ameliorated diabetes of genetically obese rodent model db/db mice, and prolonged the shortened lifespan of db/db mice on a high-fat diet. Thus, orally active AdipoR agonists such as AdipoRon are a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes.

I always wonder: Is there anything herbal that does anything with adiponectin? Ginseng has some benefits:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25311947

Ginsenoside Rb1 stimulates adiponectin signaling in C2C12 muscle cells through up-regulation of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins.

These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 promote translocations of GLUT4 by activating the adiponectin signaling pathway. The results can be helpful in understanding the novel antidiabetic mechanism of Rb1 ginsenoside and gain further support for its use as an antidiabetic drug.

Curcumin too:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445038

The compound contains anti-inflammatory activity, which is mediated through an up-regulation of adiponectin and reduction of leptin.

Anyway, this is certainly an interesting area for exploration as far as weight loss is concerned.

Astragalus and Telomeres

For a long time there have been claims that taking astragalus root lengthens telomeres. I have read some studies that profiled the ability of high-priced purportedly life-extending supplements such as purified cycloastrogenol, which is derived from astragalus, to produce significant effects.

Specifically:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426483

Of note, TA-65 did not altered significantly the levels of targets of the Wnt (CD44, CyclinD1) or TGFβ (Fibronectin, Klf4 or p16) pathways (Sup Fig 4), further supporting that TA-65-dependent telomerase activation occurs through transcription factors regulated by the MAPK pathway, which may directly or indirectly regulate the mTERT promoter (hypothetical mechanism in Fig. 2h, based in our current findings and previous results (Wang et al. 1998; Greenberg et al. 1999; Chang & Karin 2001; Inui et al. 2001; Takakura et al. 2005; Pericuesta et al. 2006)).

Unfortunately MAPK is kind of a difficult pathway to activate. According to Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase

As mentioned above, MAPKs typically form multi-tiered pathways, receiving input several levels above the actual MAP kinase. In contrast to the relatively simple, phosphorylation-dependent activation mechanism of MAPKs and MAP2Ks, MAP3Ks have stunningly complex regulation. Many of the better-known MAP3Ks, such as c-Raf, MEKK4 or MLK3 require multiple steps for their activation. These are typically allosterically-controlled enzymes, tighly locked into an inactive state by multiple mechanisms.

I can’t imagine a simple herbal compound would be able to push all the right molecular biological buttons to activate this pathway so instead I took a look at other means of activation.

As is typical, the cancer researchers , with their brute force investigation of every possible way to kill a cancer cell through every conceivable pathway, have stumbled onto a possible mechanism of action for astragalus, though they don’t realize it, since their objective is to try to find ways to kill cancer cells that want to live forever and not make people and their healthy cells live forever.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19526459

AKT inhibits MAD1-mediated target genes (hTERT and ODC) transcription repression and promotes cell cycle and cell growth. However, mutated S145A MAD1 abrogates the inhibition by AKT. Thus, our results suggest that phosphorylation of MAD1 by AKT inhibits MAD1-mediated transcription suppression and subsequently activates the transcription of MAD1 target genes.

And then the cardiology people looking for ways to improve heart health have stumbled upon astragalus’s impact on heart health in the presence of toxins and how it regulates AKT:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25386226

. In addition, there was profound inhibition of p38MAPK and activation of Akt after APS treatment. These results demonstrate that [astragalus polysaccharide] APS could suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis, ameliorating doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity by regulating the PI3k/Akt and p38MAPK pathways

So.. The idea here is that astragalus activates Akt which then inhibits MAD1 which then promotes hTERT which lengthens telomeres.